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Ladakh Chronicles

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The Ladakh Chronicles, or La-dvags-rgyal-rabs (<a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1303208178">

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</style>ལ་དྭགས་རྒྱལ་རབས, <a href="Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: La dwags rgyal rabs),<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is a historical work that covers the <a href="History_of_Ladakh" title="History of Ladakh">history of Ladakh</a> from the beginnings of the <a href="Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">first Tibetan dynasty of Ladakh</a> until the end of the <a href="Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a>. The chronicles were compiled by the Namgyal dynasty, mostly during the 17th century, and are considered the primary written source for Ladakhi history.<a href="#cite_note-Pirie-2">[1]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 1, 3

Quotation: "The main source for Ladakhi history is, and always will be, the La-dvags rgyal-rabs, compiled probably in the 17th century, but continued later till the end of the kingdom and beyond. ... The only other literary source from Ladakh is the biography of sTag-ts'ah-ras-pa (TTRP), compiled in 1663."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1, 3 <a href="#cite_note-Bray-4">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 7

Quotation: "The prime source for this period is the La-dvags-rgyal-rabs a royal chronicle which was first compiled in the 17th century and updated into the 19th century."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">7

It remains one of only two surviving pre-19th century literary sources from Ladakh. Only seven original manuscripts of the chronicles are known to have existed, of which two survive today.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

Until the early 19th century, European historians believed that there were no written histories from Ladakh.<a href="#cite_note-RCAS-5">[4]</a> After reports to the contrary, <a href="Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a> found the first known manuscript of the chronicles (Ms. Cunningham) during his stay in Ladakh in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCAS-5">[4]</a>: 87

The origin, intent, and time of the authorship of the Ladakh Chronicles remains unknown to modern historians.<a href="#cite_note-Jinpa-6">[5]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 113

Quotation: "Unfortunately, as with the rest of these chronicles, it is impossible to know when, by whom, and for what purpose that passage was written."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">113 <a href="#cite_note-Bray2016-7">[6]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 28

Quotation: "The authors of the main historical sections, covering the period until the early 19th century, are anonymous."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">28 <a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> It remains one of only two surviving pre-19th century literary sources from Ladakh.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 3

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2></div>

There are seven extant manuscripts of the Ladakh Chronicles:<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>

<ul><li>Ms.S <a href="Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in Oxford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://karchak.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/catalog/manuscript_113">MS.Tibet. c.7.</a>: This manuscript belonged to the former King of Ladakh and was stored in the library of the <a href="STog_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="STog palace">sTog palace</a>. The original manuscript has since disappeared, but its contents were copied in 1856 and later published by <a href="Emil_Schlagintweit" title="Emil Schlagintweit">Emil Schlagintweit</a> together with a German translation as Die Könige von Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 1 <a href="#cite_note-Bray2016-7">[6]</a>: 29 </li>

<li>Ms.A: This manuscript only covers the history up until the reign of <a href="Sengge_Namgyal" title="Sengge Namgyal">Sengge Namgyal</a> (r. 1616–1642).<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 171–172 The original manuscript no longer survives but its text was partly published and translated by missionary <a href="Karl_Marx_(medical_missionary)" title="Karl Marx (medical missionary)">Karl Marx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 1

Quotation: "Ms.A. Stops with the reign of Sen-ge-rnam-rgyal. It was partly published and translated by K. Marx."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 It was published posthumously in the <a href="Journal_of_the_Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal">Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</a> between 1891 and 1902.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 1

Quotation: "K. Marx, "Three documents relating to the history of Ladakh", in JASB, 60 (1891). 97-135; 63 (1894), 94-107; 71 (1902). 21-34."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></li>

<li>Ms.B: This manuscript consists of only four pages about the Namgyal dynasty and its conquest by the <a href="Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra dynasty</a> of <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. The original manuscript no longer exists.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 1 </li>

<li>Ms.C: This manuscript was compiled at the end of the 19th century by Ladakhi scholar Munshi dPal-rgyas<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a> and includes three appendices about the Dogra conquest. The original no longer exists.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 1 </li>

<li>Ms.L <a href="British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, Oriental Collection 6683: This manuscript covers Ladakhi history until the reign of <a href="Deldan_Namgyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Deldan Namgyal">Deldan Namgyal</a> (r. 1642–1694)<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 171–172 and also contains a plainlist of subsequent rulers until the Dogra conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 1 </li>

<li>Ms.Cunningham: Covers the history from the reign of <a href="Tsewang_Namgyal_I" title="Tsewang Namgyal I">Tsewang Namgyal I</a> (r. 1575–1595) until at least the reign of <a href="Delek_Namgyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Delek Namgyal">Delek Namgyal</a> (r. 1680–1691).<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 171–172 The manuscript was translated into Urdu for Alexander Cunninhgam during his stay in Ladakh in 1847, from which parts were even reproduced in his English works; he did not consider the story after the end of the 17th century to be important and omitted those parts.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 2 The original manuscript and its Urdu translations are lost.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 2 </li>

<li>Ms.Sonam: Consists of approximately 40 pages and covers the entire history of the two Ladakhi dynasties until the Dogra conquest. The manuscript is a modernized and shortened version of Ms.C until events c. 1825, after which it contains extra details that are not covered by the other manuscripts. Its owner also added appendices and minor changes not originally contained in the manuscript, and it is known to be in the private possession of a 'Bri-guh-pa monk, named Sonam, at the <a href="Lamayuru_Monastery" title="Lamayuru Monastery">Lamayuru Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 2 </li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_edition_and_scholarship">Combined edition and scholarship</h3></div>

In 1926, Tibetologist <a href="August_Hermann_Francke_(Tibetologist)" title="August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)">August Herman Francke</a> published a non-critical translation of the chronicle, in what was the first detailed history of Ladakh. His edition was based on five manuscripts (Ms.S, Ms.A, Ms.B, Ms.C, Ms.L).<a href="#cite_note-Bray-4">[3]</a>: 77 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 1 <a href="#cite_note-Francke-13">[10]</a> Francke's edition would become the standard edition for all future studies on the pre-Dogra Ladakh.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 1

In the later part of the 20th century, research on the Ladakh Chronicles was complemented by further studies by Joseph Gergan, <a href="Luciano_Petech" title="Luciano Petech">Luciano Petech</a>, and Zahiruddin Ahmad.<a href="#cite_note-Bray-4">[3]</a>: 77 <a href="#cite_note-RCAS-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bray2016-7">[6]</a>: 31–32 Petech, in a comparative study with other texts, notes an abundance of omissions and mistakes; he warns against trusting the chronicle blindly.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 3 Other scholars have also warned about gaps in the chronicles' treatment of the period before the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bray-4">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 7

Quotation: "However, the rGyal-rabs is full of gaps and inconsistencies, particularly for the period before the 17th century."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">7 <a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-14">[11]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 356

Quotation: "It must be admitted that Francke’s edition of the Ladakh-Tibet treaty, which must be dated to the autumn of 1684, is something of a patchwork document"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">356 <a href="#cite_note-Emmer-15">[12]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 99

Quotation: "Francke’s edition of the La dvags rgyal rabs is a patchwork with respect to the agreements made in the peace treaty"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">99

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2></div>

The Ladakh Chronicles were split into three main sections: the first two sections are about the history of central Tibet; the third section is specifically about Ladakh.<a href="#cite_note-Bray2016-7">[6]</a>: 27 The principal chronicle is the Royal Genealogy of Ladakh.<a href="#cite_note-RCAS-5">[4]</a> The chronicles refers to several dynasties of kings, mentioning that some were descended from the mythological Tibetan hero <a href="Epic_of_Gesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Gesar">Gesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pirie-2">[1]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 16

<a href="Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> controlled the area from 663, and it was controlled by the <a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> until 842, after which the area was described by the chronicles as <a href="Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">splintering into several principalities</a> plagued by warfare and raiding.<a href="#cite_note-Pirie-2">[1]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 13 The chronicles then describe the establishment of <a href="Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">Maryul</a> by descendants of the central Tibetan monarchy in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-Pirie-2">[1]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 17–18 The chronicles describe the period of conflicts with the <a href="Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> during the late 14th to 16th centuries in Ladakh and <a href="Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pirie-2">[1]</a>: 18 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 23, 26–28, 30 The chronicles then describe the development of the Namgyal dynasty and its expansion to <a href="Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Purig</a> in the west and the Tibetan lands of <a href="Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-Pirie-2">[1]</a>: 18 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 28 The latter parts of the Ladakh Chronicles in manuscripts Ms. C and Ms. Sonam contain details about the <a href="Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">surprise Dogra invasion of Ladakh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 138–170

The chronicles also cover the first-millennium presence of Buddhism, the growth of Buddhism in the first half of the second millennium, and the introduction of Islam in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Pirie-2">[1]</a>: 17–18 <a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: 18–19, 30 <a href="#cite_note-howard-16">[13]</a>: 121–122

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Treaty_of_Tingmosgang" title="Treaty of Tingmosgang">Treaty of Tingmosgang</a></div>

The first publication of the Ladakh Chronicles' summary of the 1684 <a href="Treaty_of_Tingmosgang" title="Treaty of Tingmosgang">Treaty of Tingmosgang</a> appeared as an appendix to a book by <a href="Henry_Ramsay_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Ramsay (Indian Army officer)">Henry Ramsay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bray-4">[3]</a>: 77 It is held that Prime Minister <a href="Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a> of Tibet<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-14">[11]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 342

Quotation: "Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho (1653-1705), sDe-pa or Prime Minister of Tibet 1679-1705"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">342 : <span title="Page / location: 351

Quotation: "Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the sDe-pa Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho, annexed Gu-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the lHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">351 and the King <a href="Delek_Namgyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Delek Namgyal">Delek Namgyal</a> of Ladakh<a href="#cite_note-Petech-3">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 171–172

Quotation: "bDe-legs-n.g. co-regent (1680-1691)"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">171–172 <a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-14">[11]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 351–353

Quotation: "We produce now a new translation of the Ladakh Chronicles ... bDe-legs rNam-rGyal, came to the kingship Ladakh ... Thereupon, the Government of Tibet, being afraid that the King of Ladakh and his troops might, once again, make war (on Tibet), ordered the 'Brug-pa Mi-'pham dBaii-po that he ought to go (to Ladakh) in order to establish peace. ... With this exception, the frontier (of Ladakh) was fixed as from the IHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">351–353 agreed on the Treaty of Tingmosgang (sometimes called the "Treaty of Temisgam")<a href="#cite_note-howard-16">[13]</a> in the fortress of <a href="Tingmosgang" title="Tingmosgang">Tingmosgang</a> at the conclusion of the <a href="Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War</a> in 1684. The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang no longer survives, but its contents are summarized in the Ladakh Chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-Lamb-17">[14]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 37

Quotation: "No text of this agreement between Tibet and Ladakh survives, but there are references to it in chronicles"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">37 : <span title="Page / location: 38

Quotation: "There can be no doubt that the 1684 (or 1683) agreement between Ladakh and the authorities then controlling Tibet did in fact take place. Unfortunately, no original text of it has survived and its terms can only be deduced. In its surviving form there seems to be a reference to a boundary point at "the Lhari stream at Demchok", a stream which would appear to flow into the Indus at Demchok and divide that village into two halves."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">38 : <span title="Page / location: 40

Quotation: "The treaty that could have given this information, that of 1684, has not survived in the form of its full text, and we have no means of determining exactly what line of frontier was contemplated in 1684. The chronicles which refer to this treaty are singularly deficient in precise geographical details."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">40 The summary contained in the Ladakh Chronicles includes six main clauses of the treaty:<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-14">[11]</a>: 356 <a href="#cite_note-Francke-13">[10]</a>: 115–118

<ol><li>A general declaration of principle that the region of Guge (mNa'-ris-sKorgSum) was divided into three separate kingdoms in the 10th century;</li>

<li>The Tibetan recognition of the independence of Ladakh and the restriction for the King of Ladakh from inviting foreign armies into Ladakh;</li>

<li>The regulation of trade of goat-wool, subdivided into two subclauses, for Guge and the northern plain of Tibet (Byaṅ-thaṅ);</li>

<li>A clause fixing the Ladakh-Tibet frontier at the <a href="Charding_Nullah" title="Charding Nullah">Lha-ri stream</a> at <a href="Demchok_(historical_village)" title="Demchok (historical village)">Demchok</a>, but granting Ladakh an enclave at <a href="Moinc%C3%AAr" class="mw-redirect" title="Moincêr">Men-ser</a>;</li>

<li>Another clause regulating Ladakh-Tibet trade;</li>

<li>The arrangement of a fee to Mi-'pham dBaṅ-po (then-regent of Ladakh) for his cost in arranging the treaty.</li></ol>

The trade regulations provided for Ladakh's exclusive right to trade in <a href="Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">pashmina</a> wool produced in Tibet, in exchange for <a href="Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">brick-tea</a> from Ladakh. Ladakh was also bound to send periodic missions to <a href="Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a> carrying presents for the Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> The fee in the sixth clause was later paid by <a href="Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a> to Mi-'pham dBaii-po in the form of three estates in Tibet sometime between the autumn of 1684 and 1685.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-14">[11]</a>: 356

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> also called the Royal Chronicle of Ladakh

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Bray describes the intent of the third chronicle as "to present the Ladakhi royal dynasty in the best possible light".<a href="#cite_note-Bray2016-7">[6]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 27

Quotation: "The prime aim is to present the Ladakhi royal dynasty in the best possible light."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">27

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> also known as Munshi Tsering Palgyas<a href="#cite_note-Bray2016-7">[6]</a>: 29–30

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPirie2007" class="citation book cs1">Pirie, Fernanda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5APvy1TldcC">Peace and Conflict in Ladakh: The Construction of a Fragile Web of Order</a>. Brill's Tibetan studies library. Vol. 13. <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789004155961</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

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